Blurb:

This chapter is devoted to the town-like settlements and villages that did not receive official recognition, but played an important role functioning as central places for markets, justice, religion and so on. The bodies of evidence for these secondary agglomerations is discussed and three case studies (Ephesos, Kyaneai and Sagalassos) are highlighted in order to further showcase the important role of villages and town-like settlements in the territories of officially recognized cities. Furthermore, this chapter explores the roles of estates in settlement patterns and tests the effects of structural determinants, such as agricultural potential, the distribution of natural resources, climate, and connectivity on the patterns of official cities and secondary agglomerations.